영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Basic contents(1)

1. category

① grammatical function - subject, predicate, predicator, direct object, indirect object...

② grammatical category(syntactic class, form) - noun, determiner, adjective, adverb, verb, conjunction...

 

2. verb(+ non-finite은 accusative subject pronoun, optional subject, complementizer 'for', T-element 'to')

① inflections are appended only to finite verbs, which show tense, number and person

+ affix hopping - the tense and agreement features are lowered from the I node onto the verb inside the VP, and then they are spelled out as an inflectional ending on the verb (+ V to T movement로도 설명)

② auxiliary verbs(it also indicates the finiteness of verb) ↔ main verb(lexical verb)

+ T에 위치하고 tense-perfect-progressive-passive 순 - ex) had(perfect, 뒤에 오는 entity의 form 결정) been

⑴ modal auxiliaries - it is used to express mood

⑵ aspectual auxiliaries - progressive 'be'(when it is used with gerund), perfect 'have'

⑶ passive auxiliaries 'be'(when it is used with participle) / ⑷ dummy auxiliaries 'do' - do-insertion

③ contraction - wasn't('not' is cliticized onto 'was')

 

+ Structure의 형성과정: X-bar theory - D-structure(constrained by the theta criterion) - transformation rules(movement) - S-structure(constrained by EPP, case filter, and MLC)

 

3. PS rules and X-bar theory(+ adjunction - category B is adjoined to category A)

① node TP (directly) dominates node DP and T', which (directly) dominates T and VP

② node spec and C' are (immediate) constituents of node CP

③ node C(+/-Q, +/-WH) and TP are daughters of node C', and they are sisters of each other

④ node DP c-commands T', T, and VP ...(sister and her daughters)

⑤ syntactic(grammatical) category of constituent

lexical projection of head - X / single-bar projection of head - X' / maximal projection of head - XP

 

4. Extending X-bar theory

① DP is not a specifier but the head of its own phrase - DP dominates D', and D' dominates D and NP

ex) [The man standing over there]'s coat, [The dancer from Daegu]'s shoes - group genitive construction

② Evidence of inflection & auxiliary as T(the head of TP(Tense phrase))

⑴ Tense inflection on a verb is in complementary distribution with auxiliaries

ex) The roadrunner walks away/ The roadrunner is walking away / *The roadrunner is walkings away

⑵ Similar evidence comes from coordination - one a tense inflectional, the other an auxiliary

ex) I kissed the toad and must go wash my mouth now

③ CP(complementizer phrase) is in every clause, and has C[+/-Q], but sometimes it is phonologically null

⑴ Evidence from Yes/No questions - The C[+Q] must be pronounced, so the T have moves to C

⑵ Evidence from embedded clauses - ex) I wonder [if] Louise likes rubber duckies - C[+Q]인데 if로 자리가 채워져 있으므로 Subject-Auxiliary inversion이 필요 없다.

⑶ Evidence that non-questions have null C - conjunction

ex) You can lead a horse to water but can you make him drink?(18년도 기출)

ex) CP[TP[I think CP[that TP[Mary likes him and Susan him too]]]]

④ Specifier = Subject

⑴ The subject of a clause(DP) is in the specifier of TP

⑵ The possessor of an 's genitive(DP) is in the specifier of DP - binding에서 중요!!

⑶ The subject of a small clause(DP) is in the specifier of DP or PP or AP or VP

ex) I consider DP[peter(DP) D'[a(D) fool(NP) / foolish(AP)]], I want PP[peter(DP) P'[in(P) the play(DP)]]