영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Basic contents(2)

5. complement/adjunct - a complement of head / an adjunct of single-bar projection

- complement and adjunct can't conjoin with each other.

- complement must be closer to the head than adjunct.

① complement - a sister of a head

+ preposing이 가능 - [what branch of physics] are you a student of / 의문사 what과 연관 / 목적어 자리

⑴ 접속사 that(사실의 의미를 이끈다.) - I thought [that(whether/if) Kate believed the story] - 목적어 자리

+ I am sure [that the man comes again], *[that the man comes again] is sure - adjective의 목적어 자리

⑵ 동격의 that - her realization [that(whether) all is lost] - they realize [that~] - 동사의 목적어 자리

⑶ wanted [her brother to bake a cake] - verb's complement as a proposition - 동사의 목적어 자리

⑷ so eager [to work with you] - subject control - what are you so eager (to do)?, it is [to work ~] that

⑸ adjective + PP - certain that, proud to V, ambitious for, angry at, anxious about, bored with, different from, fond of, good in, relevant to, worried about, so on, ex) more [observant of this] than us

⑺ noun + PP - disillutionment with, ban on, application for, reply to, attack on, loss of, disgust of,

⑻ brain damage (damage a brain), fraud investigation(investigate a fraud), house builder(build a house)

⑼ exchange(n) of cotton with sugar, exchange(v) cotton with sugar, put him on the bed, treat him badly

⑽ verb + PP - [laugh at him], [work at the job], [listen to the music],

② adjunct - a sister of a single-bar node(+ one substitution, do-so substitution),

+ postposing이 가능 - a student came to me {with long hair} / how, when, where와 연관 / 목적이 이외

⑴ that summer, {which was so sunny (restrictive, too)}

⑵ [that you came on time] is good, it(introductory, dummy) is good [that you came on time] - 주어 자리

+ to-infinitive adjective adjunct can become the subject of a sentence - ex) (to read the book) is easy

+ *it is good [whether/if you came one time] - adjective의 adjunct는 whether/if가 이끄는 문장이 안 됨

+ John was so tired that he could not sleep well, John is good in that he never comes late

⑶ so(이건 quite와 함께 spec) [fond of coffee] {after dinner} - before dinner도 가능(free combination)

⑸ faster [than me](이건 complement) {by far}, I am fully recognized {by him}

⑹ observation {of students} - N of NP - 주격(students observe), 소유격(students')의 의미이면 adjunct

⑺ the river bridge(bridge on the river), the shipyard strike(strike at the shipyard, 조선소), tall owner(attributive adjective, owner is tall), cf) car owner은 complement이다(own car)

⑻ The book is easy to understand but expensive to buy - tough movement와 연관

 

6. Theta-theory

① argument - the participants in a predicate - internal (inside VP) and external (subject) argument

② predicate(술부) - what takes arguments(functional level의 predicate랑 다름) - ex) one place, two place

③ thematic relations - semantic properties of arguments derived from the relation between the argument and the predicate / cf) thematic roles - the thematic relations assigned to a particular arguments

⑴ agent - 행위자(행동하는 자)

⑶ theme - the entity affected by the action or state(영향을 받는 객체 - patient), (이야기하는 대상 - theme)

ex) the oldy lady smells like ~, the professor was reminded to write a book, Tom comes from Wales

⑷ experiencer - the living entity that experiences the psychological state (경험하는 자)

ex) that decision certainly pleases me

⑸ goal - destination of something (목적지)

⑹ source(recipient) - the location from which something moves (출발점)

⑺ proposition - the specification of a state of affairs (어떤 사건 그 자체, 보통 문장)

④ The theta criterion - every argument must have only one theta role(theta grid보다 많은 argument가 있으면 안 됨) and every theta role must be assigned to only one argument(적은 argument가 있으면 안 됨)

⑤ The extended projection principle(EPP) - every sentence must have a subject

Theta constraint 이후 expletive insertion rule(insert dummy 'it' in subject position) - EPP & no filter out