영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Conditionals(가정법)

1. factual

① timeless - 시간에 상관없이 언제나, when이나 whenever로 바꿀 수 있다. 주절과 종속절 동사의 모양새가 같다.

⑴ generic(조건 - 결과, 물리법칙 같은 거) - if + simple present / simple present

ex) if you boil water, it vaporizes

⑵ habitual(현재(과거)의 습관) - if + simple present(past) / (usually) simple present(past)

ex) if I wash dishes, Sally (usually) dries them, ex) If Nancy said "jump", Bob (usually) jumped

② time-bounded - 한정적 시간 안에, when과 whenever로 바꿀 수 없다.

⑴ implicit inference(잠정적 추론) - if + TAM(아무 조동사) / TAM - 주절과 종속절 조동사의 종류, tense가 같다

ex) If there was a happy man that night, it was John / ex) If you will help me, I'll give you a reward

⑵ explicit inference(확실한 추론) - if + TAM / must, should - 주절과 종속절 동사의 모양새가 다르다.

ex) if someone is at the door(추론의 근거), it must be Peter(추론의 결과)

+ TAM - Tense, Auxiliary, and Modal

 

2. future(미래 조건) - future plans, predictive(예상), contingency(가능성)

① strong condition(prediction) and result(미래에) - if + simple present(past) / will, be going to

ex) if it rains, I will stay home, ex) If you did a good job on that project last summer, you'll get a raise

② weakened condition(prediction) and result(혹시나 미래에)

- if + simple present, should, (should) happen to / will(certain), should(probable), may, might(possible)

ex) it you should finish your vegetables, I may buy you an ice cream

ex) if Steve comes to class, he should get the answers to the quiz

 

3. imaginative(가정)

① hypothetical(가상, 현재(미래) 사실을 반대로 가정, 그럴 수 도 있는 것)

⑴ future(그럴 리 없겠지만 앞으로) - if + were to, should, simple past subjunctive/ would

ex) if Joe were to have the time, he would go to mexico

ex) if I found a wallet on the wallet, I would return it to the owner

⑵ present(그럴 리 없겠지만 지금) - if + simple past subjunctive / would

ex) if Joe had the time, he would go to Mexico

② counter-factual(불가능한 상황)

⑴ present(절대 불가능 하지만 지금) - if + simple past subjunctive / would

ex) If my grandpa were alive today, he would ~

⑵ past(절대 불가능한 거 알지만 그때) - if + past perfect / would have p.p

ex) if my grandpa had been alive in 1996, he would have ~

+ ex) If I were a president(앞으로, 지금), I would ~ - 장난으로 하는 상황

ex) If I am a president (미래에), I will ~ - 진짜 입후보자가 하는 말

 

* 혼합 가정법

1. 과거내용 - 현재내용 ex) If you had not helped me, I would not be alive now

2. 현재내용 - 과거내용 ex) If she were a good student, she would have studied hard

 

* subjunctive complements - express speaker's uncertainty, hypotheticality, counterfactual, wish

- present(mandative) subjunctive : bare form / past subjunctive(hypothetical) : were

 

* alternatives - provided (that), as long as, assuming (that), given (that)

+ unless(=except in the case that, ≠if not) - in counterfactual case, unless cannot be replaced into if not

ex) unless I'd had a bicycle - 자전거를 탄 게 아니고서야 / if I hadn't had a bicycle - 자전거가 없었더라면