1. restrictive(선행사와 같은 종류의 여러 명 중 한 명) / non-restrictive(선행사 그 놈)
+ restrictive - narrow down the reference / non-restrictive - provide additional information of the head
① punctuation - restrictive(no punctuation) / non-restrictive(punctuation exists)
② intonation - restrictive(no fluctuation) / non-restrictive(pause and falling)
③ modification of proper nouns(고유명사) - restrictive(x) / non-restrictive(o)
ex) *John who is a linguist major in grammar (restrictive)
④ modification of any, every, no(신원 확인x) - restrictive(o) / non-restrictive(x)
ex) *anyone, who is a linguist major in grammar (non-restrictive)
⑤ 'that' as a relative pronoun - restrictive(o) / non-restrictive(x)
⑥ stacking - restrictive(o) / non-restrictive(x) / ⑦ 순서 - restrictive(N') and Non-restrictive(D')
⑧ sentence modification - restrictive(x) / non-restrictive(o)
2. types of restrictive pronouns
- subject, object, indirect object, possessive, object of preposition
ex) the girl [who we gave the candy to(stranded-남겨짐), who에 case를 assign)] is ~
ex) the girl [for whom(pied-piped, 데려감) Alice baked a cake] is ~
ex) the (way, manner) [in which we spoke] / *[which we spoke in] - 선행사가 manner, way일 때는 데려감
+ 관계부사 - correspond to object of prepositions(place, time, purpose)
ex) The time will surely come when(in which) we will be able to travel to the Mars
+ 관계부사 중에 how는 the way, the manner랑 함께 못 나옴
ex) I like [the way in which], *[the way how], [how] she expressed herself
+ 관계형용사 - ex) I gave the hungry boy what money I had at that time
3. extra-posed relative clause - end weight, new info(end focus)
ex) a pole [that is 3 feet tall] fell on a workman
+ but if it follows another noun, the extra-posed relative clause has different meaning from the original
ex) a pole t fell one a workman [that is 3 feet tall] - 의미가 달라진다.
4. appositive(factive) that (동격, complement, no missing element) / relative that (관계 대명사, adjunct)
+ non-restrictive appositive clause - ex) your criticism, that(obligatory) ~, was good
5. infinitival relative clause - to infinitive interpreted as relative clause
ex) I need someone [to help me] - subject
ex) I will buy books [to read] - object of verb(accusative)
ex) let's think about issues [to deal with] - object of preposition
ex) we didn't have money [to buy food] - omitted preposition(with)
ex) do you have plans [to travel abroad]? - appositive
+ add a relative pronoun, only pied-piped - ex) A bench [on which to sit], *[which to sit on]
+ the infinitival relative clauses similar to object relatives can have subject, but the versions with the fronted proposition and relative pronoun can't have one
ex) I found something interesting [for us to read], *[about which for us to think]
6. free relative clause(nominal relative clause)
① definite - what : the thing which(선행사를 포함하는 noun phrase modified by wh-interrogative와 닮음)
② indefinite(conditional relative clause) - wh- ever : any _ which(선행사 포함 + conditional 의미)
ex) John will dance with whoever(anyone who) ~ - If someone asks John to dance, he will dance
7. case study
ex) *we have no house which we live - which가 격을 못 받음
ex) *we have no house where we live in - in이 격을 줄 대상이 없어짐
8. It cleft와 restrictive relative 비교
① restrictive relative는 that이나 wh-를 생략 가능 / It cleft는 that이나 wh-를 생략 x
② restrictive relative는 고유명사나 대명사를 받을 수 없다 / cleft는 가능
③ restrictive relative는 선행사가 항상 명사구이다 / It cleft는 명사구와 전치사구를 강조한다.
ex) it was to Boston that he ~, ex) *it is very pretty that ~ (형용사 x)
9. direct free relative(~인 것)와 indirect question(무엇을 ~했는지)을 비교 - 동사에 따라 달라짐
⑴ direct free relative
ex) Kate ate [what Fred offered to her] - direct free relative
ex) [what Harry fixed for sally] went into the trash can - direct free relative
⑵ indirect question
ex) John knows [what martha ate] - indirect question
- John knows the answer to the question "what did Martha eat?"
⑶ distinction between direct free relative and indirect question
ex) *Kate ate [what Norton served to her] - direct free relative - 정문 같은데
ex) Kate knew [what Norton served to her] - indirect question
- 'know' allows indirect questions as complements, while 'eat' allows direct free relative as complement
ex) [whose turnips Bill had brought] was clear - indirect question
ex) *[whose turnips Bill had brought] went into the trash can
- 'be clear' allows indirect questions as subjects, whereas 'go' does not
10. nonrestrictive modification - 선행사 그 놈을 꾸미는 것
- 형용사(brilliant last book), 전치사 구(this volcano of great value to them), 관계대명사
11. 유사 관계대명사
ex) Who is there but(that not) loves his own country?
ex) She was upset because she did poorly on the exam, as was often the case with her
ex) Mice fed 40 percent fewer calories than is considered to be a healthy diet will live longer than others
12. restrictive modification and article
ex) a book you might be interested in - 상대방이 모르는 책이니깐 한정적 용법이라도 indefinite article이 가능
+ indefinite article - 첫 번째 등장 / 일반적인 것(generic reference)
ex) She has a brother. A brother can either be a good friend or not - 일반적으로 오빠라는 것은
ex) She has a brother. She thinks the brother is the best brother she's ever had - 그 오빠
+ generic reference - a tiger, tigers, the tiger(이건 구어체에선 안 쓴다)
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