Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (1)

English consonants - are produced with some restriction(혀가 조금이라도 닿으면) or closure

 

* (oral) stop : bilabial - /p, b/, alveolar - /t, d/, velar - /k, g/

 

① lenis(약음) / fortis(강음) - weakening / strengthening, 모든 obstruents(stop, fricative, affricate)에 해당

- In English only intervocalic stop is fully voiced / other positions(initial and final) are partially voiced

+ final devoicing is present if there is no voiced sound coming immediately after - ex) dog meal / dog

+ when a stop is preceded by /s/ 유무성은 같고 fortis/lenis로 구분 - ex) di/sk/ussed - di/sg/ust

+ vowels and sonorants(l,r) are longer before voiced(lenis) stops than voiceless(fortis) - ex) kilt / killed

 

② aspirated and unreleased stop - feature addition(nondistinctive feature)

⑴ aspiration : /unvoiced stop/ + /ʧ/ = -voiced(voiceless), -continuant(non-continuant)

- / ($) _ (c) V' : in initial position of a stressed syllable(not a word) with optional intervening consonants

ex) attack [ə'tʰæk], occur [ə'kʰɝ], mortality, pill, till, kill, repair, return, record

+ 자기 음절만 되는 게 아니라 그 앞에도 적용 - ex) pʰre pʰare, cf) pʰaper - the second /p/ is unstressed

+ onset cluster 중 첫 번째 sound가 [s]일 경우 voice neutralization이 일어나서 적용x - ex) *spʰill, *re.spʰond

 

⑵ unreleased(unexploded, no audible release) - all stops

- / V _ # - word final position(syllable final of single coda)

ex) mop [mɔpㄱ], sit [sɪtㄱ], sack [sækㄱ], mob [mabㄱ], sad [sædㄱ], bag [bægㄱ]

+ two non-homorganic stops in a row, the first stop is unreleased ex) soft[sɔfㄱt], soft breeze [sɔftㄱbriz]

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④ nasal, lateral release (plosion) - the stop closure is maintained and nasally or laterally released

- followed by homorganic nasal/lateral across syllable or word

⑴ nasal release - alveolar(n), bilabial(m), velar(ŋ)

ex) [bʌtn](syllabic, alveolar), [sʌb.mə.ɹ̣in](syllable, bilabial), [hɑɹ̣d nelz](word, alveolar)

⑵ lateral release - alveolar(l)

ex) [kætlˌ](syllabic, alveolar), [ət læst](word, alveolar) / tickle[tIkl] - non-homorganic - no lateral release

 

⑤ two homorganic stops in a sequence - no separate release for the first stop(one prolonged closure)

⑴ homorganic (share the same place of articulation), ⑵ regardless of voicing agreement - ex) top block

- geminate(각자 발음)에서 degemination(one prolonged closure, one long articulation) ex) big girl - [big:irl]

+ when oral stop is followed by homorganic nasal stop, gemination occurs - ex) lamb meat [læm:it]

 

⑥ alveolar stop place assimilation - /t, d, n/

- If word-final alveolar stop is followed by word-initial bilabial or velar stop(across word boundary)

- when they have the same voice - gemination(total assimilation) occurs, and de-gemination occurs

- when they have different voices - just place assimilation occurs, maintaining the original voicing

ex) white paper - [whip:aper], good boy - [goob:oy], at bay - [apbe], pet kitten - [pek:itten]

 

⑦ dentalization - when alveolar stops are immediately before inter-dentals, they are realized as dental

ex) bad - bad things, great - great things

 

⑧ flapping - neutralization 

- in an unstressed syllable (intervocalic with unstressed second syllable) ex) [lɛɾɚ], [æɾəm], [hɛɾɚ]

+ flap is another r-sound, and it sounds like a fast /d/

+ homophony - ex) writer/rider [ɹ̣aɪɾɚ], grater/grader [gɹ̣eɾɚ], latter/ladder [læɾɚ], bitter/bidder [bɪɾɚ]

- distinction is possible following the fact that vowel is longer before voiced than voiceless