Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (5)

* approximants([+consonant, +sonorant, -nasal]) - glide(/j/, /w/, + 움직이는 vowel), liquid(/l/, /r/)

 

1. Joined with stops in two-member English onset cluster - $ C(obstruent) C(approximant) V

① lateral - /s/ /f/ - ex) sleep [slip], fly [flaɪ]

② rhotic(non-leteral) - /f/ /θ/ /ʃ/ - ex) free [fɹ̣i], three [θɹ̣i], shrimp [ʃɹ̣ɪmp]

③ labio-velar glide(w) - /s/ /θ/ - ex) thwart [θwɔɹ̣t], sweet [swit]

④ palatal glide(j) - /m/ music[mjuzɪk], /f/ few[fju], /v/ view[vju], and /h/ hue[hju]

+ palatal glide can't follow an alveolar obstruent in a stressed syllable in AmE (17년 기출)

ex) tune['tun] / tenure['te.njuɚ]

 

2. devoicing - when first member of the cluster is voiceless obstruent (p,t,s,k,..)

ex) play[ple], sleep[slip], twin, and pewter

 

3. palatal glide /j/ is articulated with an audible friction only before /i/ or /I/ - ex) year, cf) yes

+ /j/ is restricted to appear in initial clusters only with /u/ - ex) music, pure, few

 

4. l-velalization(+ clear l (alveolar /l/, onset, prevocalic), dark l (velar /l/, coda, postvocalic))

- the liquid /l/ is velarized when it appears in coda position ex) falter

+ in BE, distinction is more specific - ly suffix<before front vowel<before back vowel<post vocalic(darkest)

+ syllabic l is also dark [ex) middle] - not just in coda, but in rhyme(the existence of rhyme)

반응형

5. syllabic liquid - the liquid can be syllabic following a sequence of stressed vowel and consonant

- 앞에 오는 소리가 무엇이든 상관이 없다(stressed는 되어야 하지만 homorganic, obstruent인지 상관없다.)

ex) apple ['ᴂpl], channel ['ʧanl], butter(non-rhotic /r/ can be syllabic)

- 다만, 연속된 두 자음이 오면 ə(schwa)가 insert된다. - ex) pistol [pIstəl]

- 그리고 l이 stressed syllable에 있어도 x - ex) extol [ekstəl]

- when followed by unstressed syllable, syllablicity is variable - ex) traveler - two or three syllables

 

* A note on casual speech reductions (a new section in 3rd edition, p. 73)

(1) One of these is stressed versus unstressed syllables. For example, flapping (e.g. Italy [ɪɾəli] vs. Italian [ɪtæliən]), t-deletion (winter [wɪnɚ] vs. contains [kəntenz]).

(2) End position (syllable-final position) is more welcoming than initial position (syllable-initial position) as in /t/ becoming a glottal stop (Atlantic [æʔ.læ.nək] vs. atrocious [ə.tɹ̣o.ʃəs]).

(3) Reductions are more common in function words than in content words

(4) alveolars than non-alveolars (white paper [waɪp:epɚ] vs. fake paper [fek pepɚ], not [fep:epɚ]).

(5) Finally, mention should be made to morphological effects. For example, higher reductions are found in present participles (I was swimming [... swɪmɪn]) than gerunds (I like swimming [... swɪmɪŋ]).

 

+ distributional restriction(여기에만 나올 수 있다) - a defective distribution

1. /ʒ/ - can't occur in word-initial cf) genre, zhibago

2. /ð/ - ① word-initial position restricted to grammatical morphemes ex) the, that

② word-initial unstressed - assimilated to previous alveolar ex) want the[want.de], run the[run:e], till the[tIl:e], how's the[hauz:e] - 첫 번째를 제외하고 다 voice가 같아서 de-gemination occurs

3. /h/ - can't occur in syllable-final

- ① voiceless - word-initial ex) home, his / ② breathy voice - inter-vocal ex) ahead, behind, behave

4. /ŋ/ - occur only in syllable-final position

+ restrictions on vowels before velar nasal /ŋ/ - lax vowels + /ɔ/(tense, wrong)