Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Vowels(1)

English vowels

 

1. features(+ 순서는 mid, central, unrounded, lax vowel - schwa)

① tongue position - tongue height(high, mid, low), tongue part(front, central, back)

⑴ place - front(i I e ɛ ᴂ), central(ə ʌ), back(u ʊ o(oʊ, ow) ɔ ɑ)

⑵ height - high(i I u ʊ), mid(e(eI, ej) ɛ ə o ɔ), low(ᴂ ʌ ɑ)

 

② lip position - rounded, unrounded

+ all non-low back vowels are rounded(redundancy rule - 환경에 상관없이 무조건)

 

③ monophthong/diphthong - /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ - /aj/ /ɔj/ /aw/로도 표현이 가능(glide가 움직이는 음이라서)

 

④ tense - /i, e, ɑ, ɔ, o, u, aɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ/ lax - /I ɛ ᴂ ə ʌ ʊ/

⑴ phonological(distributionally-based) definition : tense vowels are found in stressed open syllable

+ lax vowels are favorably found with /ʃ/ or /ŋ/ as a coda

 

⑵ the conflict between phonological and phonetic-based classification(duration)

⒜ /o/ and /ɔ/ are “tense” in the phonological, while “tense” for /o/, “lax” for /ɔ/ in the phonetic

⒝ in phonetic, /æ/ has even greater duration than, typically long and tense vowels such as /ɑ, e, o/

+ 강세는 tense/lax 여부에 의해 결정된다(this division plays an important role in the stress rules of English)

⑴ light syllables - ⒜ open syllable(no coda) and ⒝ lax vowel

⑵ heavy syllables - ⒜ closed syllable or ⒝ tense vowel

⑶ any syllable. heavy syllable(stressed) # / heavy syllable(stressed). light syllable #

⑷ in monosyllabic word, the word must have heavy syllable (function word는 제외)

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2. nasalized vowels(nasality가 consonant에선 distinctive이지만 vowel에선 non-distinctive, feature-addition)

- while both 'bead' and 'bean' have the phoneme /i/, the phonetic manifestation(음성적 표시) of the vowel of the second words ‘bean' is nasalized and, phonetically, an [ĩ](tilde) before tautosyllabic nasal

- V(all vowels, phonemic) → nasalized(phonetic) / _ N $, (syllable final position, tautosyllabic)

 

3. length

open syllable[ni] > sonorant[nil] > voiced obstruent[nid] > voiceless obstruent[nit] / stressed > unstressed

 

4. vowel before tautosyllabic /r/ - vowel takes r-coloring, and height, tense/lax contrasts are neutralized

① the contrast between the two high front vowels /i/ and /ɪ/,

② the two high back vowels /u/ and /ʊ/

+ /ʊ/ may undergo tensing and be realized as [u] before palato-alveolar fricative coda, as in bush

+ but /u/ undergo laxing in unstressed syllables preceding another vowel, as in gradual[græʤʊəl]

③ the contrast(height) between /e/, /ɛ/, and /æ/,

④ the effect of raising the /ɔ/ toward /o/

+ Mary, merry, marry are homophones(동음이의어, 발음은 같으나 다른 뜻인 단어들)

⑤ lowering of /ɔ/ to /a/ before /r/ - if /r/ and /ɔ/ are heterosyllabic, /ɔ/ can be replaced by /a/

⑥ two diphthongs: /aɪɹ̣/ (e.g. fire, entire, inspire) and /aʊɹ̣/ (e.g. sour, devour)

⑦ schwa has two r-colored manifestations: [ɝ] in stressed syllables and [ɚ] in unstressed syllables