Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (4)

* nasal(nasal stop) - bilabial /m/ alveolar /n/ velar /ŋ/

 

1. nasal compensatory lengthening(de-gemination) - followed by an identical nasal (n n - n:)

ex) ten names [tɛnːemz], some more [sʌmːɔɹ̣]

 

2. dentalization of alveolar nasal(oral alveolar stop/t, d/도) - followed by an inter-dental(/θ, ð/)

ex) tenth [tɛn̪θ], ban the film [bæn̪ðəfɪlm], when they [wɛn̪ðe]

 

3. labio-dentalization of nasal followed by an labio-dental(/f,v/)

ex) emphasis [ɛɱfəsɪs], comfort [kʌɱfɚt], invite [ɪɱvaɪt], infant [ɪɱfənt]

+ across word - ex) come first [kʌɱ fɚst], on fire [ɑɱ faɪɹ̣], warm feet [wɔɹ̣ɱ fit]

 

4. regressive nasal place assimilation (nasal alveolar stop /n/)

① n - m / followed by bilabial(p, b, m), ② n - ŋ / followed by velar(k, g, ŋ)

③ if two sounds have the same voice - total assimilation and then de-gemination occurs

ex) ten pairs[tɛmpɛɹ̣z], one piece[wʌmpis], ten girls[tɛŋgɚlz], you can go[jukəŋgo], sink[sIŋ(velar)k]

ex) sandwich /saenwic/→ /saemwic/ (nasal /n/ assimilates to the bilabial /w/)

 

5. progressive nasal assimilation

① retroflexation - n - ɳ / when it occurs after /r/

ex) burn [bəɹ̣ɳ], barn [bɑɹ̣ɳ]

② nasal devoicing - (m, n) - partial devoicing / after the voiceless obstruent /s/

ex) snail [sn̥el], small [sm̥ɔl]

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6. syllabic nasals - / V O _ # (+ sonorant가 안 되는 이유 - approximant는 sonority가 더 높아서)

- the homorganic obstruent preceding the nasal is preceded by vowel in the word final position

ex) [sʌdn̩] [bʌtn̩] [opn̩] [tekŋ̩] [kæzm̩] / felon[fɛlən], carom[kæɹ̣əm] - obstruent x

+ homorganicity of the syllabic nasal and the preceding obstruent in fast speech - place assimilation

- phonological rule에는 순서가 존재 - target form을 갖기 위해 schwa를 없앤 뒤(syllabic) assimilation occurs

ex) ribbon [ɹ̣ɪbən] vs. [ɹ̣ɪbm̩], open [opən] vs. [opm̩], bacon [bekən] vs. [bekŋ̩]

cf) madam [mædm̩], modem [modm̩], chasm [kæzm̩] prism [pɹ̣ɪzm̩] - not homorganic and no assimilation

+ 앞에 연속된 자음이면 schwa insertion occurs - syllabic nasal x

 

7. restrictions(얘만 된다) on vowels before velar nasal /ŋ/ - lax vowels + /ɔ/(tense, wrong)

+ velar nasal /ŋ/, palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ - defective distribution (only in syllable-final position)

 

8. orthographic ng : /ŋ/ vs /ŋg/ - /ŋg/가 원래 morpheme은 g-deletion

① the orthographic ng stands for /ŋ/ at the end of a morpheme, or when inside a polymorphemic word

ex) sing [sɪŋ], hang [hæŋ], wrong[ɹ̣ɔŋ], sing+er [sɪŋɚ], hang+er [hæŋɚ], wrong+ful[ɹ̣ɔŋfʊl]

 

② he orthographic ng stands for /ŋg/ in a monomorphemic word

ex) finger[fɪŋgɚ], mango[mæŋgo], anger[æŋgɚ]

 

③ exceptional case(comparative, superlative) - inside a polymorphemic word인데 /ŋg/

ex) longer[lɔŋgɚ], stronger[stɹ̣ɔŋgɚ], longest[lɔŋgəst], strongest[stɹ̣ɔŋgəst]

+ g-deletion occurs when /g/ occurs before a syllable-final nasal consonant, before a word final nasal, or word initially before a nasal consonant(/n/ and /m/)

ex) sign, design, paradigm - sig.nature, de.sig.nation, para.dig.matic

ex) gnostik[nastIk], agnostic[ag.nastIk]