Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Vowels(3)

10. full forms(stressed) vs reduced forms(unstressed) of function words

+ function words - auxiliaries, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, pronouns, and some adverbs

ex) relative pronoun 'that'(reduced) and demonstrative 'that'(full)

① full forms are in isolation(citation) / reduced forms are in connected seech

 

② focal point(contrastive, emphasis) - full forms

ex) A: “We can serve strawberries or grapes for dessert.”

B: “I think we should serve strawberries and grapes”

 

③ vowel - schwa(가장 자연스럽고 힘을 뺀 상태, deletion으로 가는 과정)

 

④ onset is usually deleted in connected speech

 

⑤ coda is also deleted, but when onset before it is deleted, it isn't

ex) [tam waʧtɚ last nayt] - Tom watched her(waʧəd hɚ - waʧətɚ) last night

 

⑥ contracted form - some function words (minor) lose their vowel and merge with the preceding syllable

 

+ the difference between elision(deletion), contraction and reduction

① contraction - morphological, ② blending(reduction) - phonological, ③ elision - gonna

ex) going to - gonna : an elision(deletion) that is not a contraction

ex) cannot - can't : contraction that is not an elision

ex) game has - [gemz] : reduction that is neither contraction nor elision

 

11. by

ex) He [walked by] the other day. - intransitive preposition(phrasal verb)- stressed

ex) He walked [by the other route] - transitive proposition(prepositional verb) - unstressed

+ that - when used as relative pronoun, it is reduced. However when it is used as demonstrative, it isn't

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12. auxiliary (usually unstressed - reduced{발음} or contracted{form)

except ① occur with negative particle 'not' - only one of them(not or auxiliary) can reduce or contract

ex) “The game hasn’t started” (not is contracted, has is not);

ex) “The game’s not started” (has is contracted, not is not).

The following two are not possible

ex) *“The game hasn't [gemz/ənt] started” (has is reduced and not is contracted)

ex) *“The game'sn't [əzənt] started” (both has and not are contracted)

 

except ② in final position

“Is she coming?” “Has she returned?” “Do they like it?” “Who will read?”

“She is” “She has” “They do” “John will”

 

13. free vowel and checked vowel

① free vowel - stands in stressed open syllable

ex) /iː/ as in bee, /eɪ/ as in bay, /uː/ as in boo, /oʊ/ as in toe, no, /ɔː/ as in paw, /ɜːr/ as in burr

② checked vowel - stands in stressed closed syllable

ex) /ɛ/ as in pet, /æ/ as in pat, /ɒ/ as in pot , /ʊ/ as in put, /ʌ/ as in putt

 

14. orthographical or has two phonetic realization [ɔr] and [ɒr](the former is shifted to the latter)

① when the vowel and /r/ are not tautosyllabic, [ɔr] becomes [ɒr] - ex) horoscope, Oregon, tomorrow

② when the vowel and /r/ are tautosyllabic, [ɔr] does not become [ɒr] - ex) forge, ignore, divorce, bore