Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - Prosodic features(supra-segmental)(2)

2. sentence stress - when any word receiving stress(mostly content words) has more than one syllable,

it is only the word's most strongly stressed syllable(primary stress) that carries the sentence stress

① content words include - nouns, verbs(including gerund and particle), adjectives, and adverb(including "not", demonstrative pronouns & adjectives), and interrogative pronouns - open class word(계속 추가 가능)

② function words include conjunctions, articles, pronouns, one-substitution, the verb “be”, “do”, “have”, auxiliary verbs(+ they are stressed, when they come at the end of a sentence, and when they are used in tag questions) I thought he was smarter than he is / All movies aren't made in Hollywood are they?

+ contrastive stress - the use of sentence stress to indicate a speaker's particular intent

 

3. Intonation(pitch-tone) - variation of pitch that is not used to distinguish words

① tone group (intonational phrases) (+ languages that are not tone language = intonation language)

- the part of a sentence over which an intonation contour(등고선) extends

- within a tone group, each stressed syllable has a minor pitch change

② tonic syllable - the syllable which carries the major pitch changes(tonic accent)

- tonic syllable is the last prominent syllable in the tone unit where the tone change begins

③ unmarked(general) case - new info is in utterance final and gets the tonic accent(the last stressed lexical items), in other words high note usually coincides with the last sentence-stress in speaking.

④ shift - movement from one tone to another takes place between syllables. After the sentence-stress and its high note, one or more unstressed syllables left to receive the low note ex) How are you(low)

⑤ slide - intonation movement within a syllable. the last sentence-stress and its high note may come on the very last syllable, leaving no room for the low note that must follow ex) all day long(남은 음절이 없음)

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4. six types of intonation patterns {+ low(short) - 문장 끝에서, long(high) - 문장 앞에서부터}

① yes-no question - open choice(unmarked, low-rise) / closed choice(marked, low-fall) / rhetorical question(비꼬기, rise-fall) ex) do I know him?(내가 얘 아냐고?), are you certain?(I don't think it's certain) / questions that display readiness to present some new info(low-rise) ex) do you know when the first kidney transplant was? + if this is uttered as a neutral information seeking, it will end in a falling pitch / long rise is usually a marked pattern, which is indicative of an attitude of puzzlement or unbelieving

 

② uninverted question - asking to repeat or requesting for confirmation with doubt (low-rise) ex) it's time for the class to start?(헐 지금 시작한다고?), Shelly loves WHO?(Wh-in-situ) / like inverted question, long-rise means puzzlement or unbelieving ex) is this a joke?, This is a joke?

 

③ declarative - clear finality(unmarked, long-fall) / agree with reservation and hesitation(marked, fall-rise) ex) you can do it that way(I don't think you should) / strong feelings of (dis)approval(rise-fall)

+ Tristram left directions for Isolde to follow

 

④ tag question - rhetorical question(no answer is sought)(unmarked, rise-fall) ex) The class is about to start, isn't it?(봐봐 맞지?) / genuine question, the speaker is not sure whether the hearer would confirm or deny the idea(marked, low-rise) ex) she usually comes at ten, doesn't she?(low-rise)(그렇지 않아?), rising(strong suggestion)/falling(command) ex) will you?(할거야? / 할거지?)

 

⑤ Wh- question - request for information(unmarked, long-fall) / echo question(request for confirmation with doubt)(marked, low-rise) ex) what time is it now?(지금 몇 시냐고?), Shelly loves WHO?(Wh-in-situ) / repetition question(진짜 못 들었을 때)(marked, low-rise) ex) what are you doing?(I haven't heard what you just said) / a rather neutral, perfunctory attitude with a detached mood(marked, low-fall) ex) whatever you say(I agree with you)

 

⑥ direct address - normal politeness requires that the direct address begin on a low note and the rise to normal. If your voice does not rise at all, your hearer may think you are irritated with him

 

+ all right - short-fall(I agree with the fact), long-fall(enthusiastic acceptance), rise-fall(super great enthusiasm), long(sharp) rise(No, that's not acceptable), low-rise(I'm listening, go on or is it really all right?), fall-rise(yes, but I'm doubtful, agreement with reservation), level(how boring and uninspiring)

 

In English fast speech, a schwa is deleted from a word when it is preceded by a stressed vowel and followed by another schwa.