Pragmatics(화용론)

Pragmatics - the relationships between sentences and context or situations - utterance(language use)

 

1. conversational maxims - When a maxim is violated(flouted) by a speaker who chooses to be uncooperative for whatever reasons, implicatures(a proposition that isn't a part of the utterance, or doesn't follow as a necessary consequence) occurs, and hearers draws an inference from them.

① quantity - more or less informative than required - 필요한 만큼만

ex) A: did you have a good lunch? / B: We had mushroom salad and mushroom sauce on the pasta

② quality - false information(lying) - ex) smoke is helpful for your health - 진실만

③ relation - seemingly unrelated - 관련 / ④ manner - awkward(not perspicuous) way of saying - 올바로

+ generalized and particularized implicature

⑴ generalized implicature - 보편적인 맥락 속에서 생기는 implicature(no special knowledge) - scalar impli

ex) did you invite Suji and IU? - I invited Suji(- I didn't invite IU)

⑵ particularized implicature - 특정한 맥락 속에서만 생기는 implicature(일반적인 상황에선 implicature 유발 x)

ex) what time is it? - some of the guests are already leaving(; it must be late)

+ Q-principle(마치 quiz같다) and R-principle(일반적인 생각) - 참 어렵다.

⑴ Q-principle - make your contribution sufficient - say as much as possible and avoid ambiguity

ex) I'm meeting a man tonight - I'm meeting a man who is not either my husband or boyfriend

ex) Jane ate some of the biscuits - Jane didn't eat all of them(일부를 먹었다는 것은 전체는 먹지 않은 것)

⑵ R-principle - make your contribution necessary - say no more than you need and be concise

ex) I cut a finger yesterday - I cut my finger / ex) He caused his wife to die보단 He killed his wife

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2. speech acts - we can do things(make an action) by saying something (language function과의 관계)

+ felicity condition - an utterance가 어떠한 speech act에 적합하기 위한 조건들 / 모든 force는 동시에 일어남

① illocutionary act(force)(conveys a speaker's intention in an uttered sentence) + perlocutionary(청자행동)

⑴ explicit vs non explicit - performative verb

- performative sense - positive, present, 1st person agent, specific event

- performative criteria - voluntary act, performed with words(hereby - 이로 인해)

ex) stand up! - I command you to stand up / ?I explain why I did it - I will explain why I did it

⑵ direct vs indirect (non-explicit) - match illocutionary act(primary) with syntactic form(secondary)

- statement(assertive, commissive, declarative) / declarative(평서문) - ex) I bet you this it will rain

- directive(order, request) / imperative - ex) be quiet / isn't it too cold?(목적은 order / implicature 발생)

- question / interrogative - ex) do you know Mary? / can you pass me the salt(목적은 request / “ )

- expressive / exclamatory - ex) how nice you are!

② locutionary act - 의미 전달만(convey meaning by the production of a meaningful linguistic expression)

⑶ expressed vs implied (maxim of relation)

ex) do you have the time? - do you have a watch? - time에 관한 이야기니깐 이게 명시적으로 포함되어야 함

⑷ literal vs non-literal (maxim of manner, absurd, impossible)

ex) please turn down the radio - I think it would kill you to turn down the radio

+ sarcasm is one of the non-literal locutionary speech act

do not smoke	direct	expressed	literal
please don't smoke	o	o	o
by all means go right a head and smoke	o	x	x
think about what you're doing to your lung	o	x	o
would you please not smoke?	x	o	o
go ahead and kill yourself, see I care	o	x	x
I guess it would kill you to stop smoking	x	o	x
cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health	x	x	o
smoking is glamorous	x	x	x

+ situation dialects - styles or registers(formal, informal)