Morphology(형태론)

Morphology - The study of word-structure and word-formation

 

1. morpheme - a minimal unit having more or less constant meaning associated with constant form(the most elemental unit of grammatical form) /+ word - meaningfully(morpheme) standing on its own(free)

 

2. free(품사가 주어진다)/bound(혼자선 의미를 갖지 못한다)

① free(stand alone) morpheme - ⑴ lexical(open class, content), ⑵ grammatical(closed class, function)

② bound morpheme - they must be attached to a base morpheme

⑴ (bound) root('-ceive'), stem(root에 affix), base(any roots or stems to which an affix is attached)

cf) unsystematic(word) - system(free root), systematic(systematic is a stem(base) for unsystematic)

⑵ affixes - clear semantic content, elicit grammatical and suprasegmental change(stress)

⒜ inflectional(suffix, never change grammatical class and stress)

⒝ derivational(prefix - never change both, suffix - change both)

 

3. order of appearance

① inflectional suffixes generally follow derivational suffixes - ex) commit + ment + s

cf) spoonsful - spoon+s +ful, lovingly - love+ing +ly, markedly - mark+ed +ly

② when a verb is derived from a noun, the regular rules are applied

ex) the police ringed the bank / the police rang the bell, ex) the hitter is flied out / the bird flew out

cf) mothers-in-law / mother-in-law's

③ productive(자유롭게 적용 가능) - inflectional(어디에나 적용 가능) / derivational(제약이 있음)

④ ambiguity - ex) unlockable - prefix 'un-'은 형용사와 결합하면 not, 동사와 결합하면 do the reverse of

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4. word-formation process

① derivation(a new word is built from a base usually through affixation) - orient(v) - orientation(n)

② functional shift(conversion, zero-derivation) - chair(n) - chair(v)

③ compound(복합어), compounding(복합어 형성) - creating a new word by combining two free morphemes

⑴ endocentric compounds : AB is an instance of B(final element is the head, the other narrow the head

ex) houseboat is a type of boat, easychair is a type of a chair, policeman(irregular infection - policemen)

⑵ exocentric compounds : AB is neither A nor B(but C somehow associated with A and B)

ex) swansong(a farewell performance), highbrow(of high society), truncoat(renegade), walkman(walkmans)

⑶ copulative compounds(apposite/coordinate compounds) : AB is A and B

ex) owner-builder, producer-director, secretary-lover, bittersweet, deaf-mute, stir-fry(볶다, 볶음요리)

④ blending - a combination of parts of two pre-existing forms - smoke+fog=smog

⑤ clipping - a shortened form of pre-existing morpheme - brassiere - bra, television - telly

⑥ acronym - the first letters of each word, pronounced as a word - FEMA(페마)

⑦ abbreviation - a word formed from the prominent syllable of a word (TV)

⑧ back formation - a word formed by removing what is mistaken for an affix(subtracting an affix)

ex) burglar - burgle, peddler - peddle, pease - pea, hawker - hawk, stoker - stoke

⑨ folk etymology - substituting a common native form for an exotic word

ex) spanish cucuracha(louse) - cockroach(바퀴벌레)

⑩ coinage - creating a new word - Xerox, Kleenex, Aspirin..

 

5. allomorph - any of the phonological representations(variations) of a single morpheme, which varies in sound or form but not in meaning, with a morphological constraint - ex) ({-s} - /-s, -z, -iz/), past tense

+ '-en' only combines with monosyllabic adjectives that end in obstruents - a phonological constraint

cf) morphologically conditioned morpheme(음운적 환경과 관계없이 - oxen, deer, children)