Learner Variables
* learner styles - consistent and rather enduring tendencies or preferences within an individual
1. cognitive domain
① FD/FI
⑴ field dependent - contextualized, holistic, focus on whole(less able to distinguish specific parts from whole)
⑵ field independent - decontextualized, analytic, focus on parts(able to ignore whole to find specific parts)
② ambiguity tolerance
⑴ high - entertain(internalize) contradictory(incongruent) propositions (open-minded)
⑵ low - reject contradictory, incongruent propositions (close-minded)
③ impulsive/reflective
⑴ reflective - slow, logical inferencing, 생각 후 행동, few errors
⑵ impulsive - fast, guessing, 행동 후 생각, many errors
+ balancing reflective and impulsive learners - giving rehearsal(preparation) time
④ visual / auditory / kinesthetic(운동성의) learning style
2. affective domain
① motivation(intensity of feeling or drive) and orientation(a purpose of learning)
⑴ intrinsic motivation - just doing it is happiness, for their own sake, without apparent external reward
⑵ extrinsic motivation - the anticipation of an external reward(praise and prize)
⑶ integrative orientation - to be a part of a community of the target language speakers
⑷ instrumental orientation - acquire language as a means for attaining instrumental goals(furthering a career, reading technical materials, translation and so forth)
② Inhibition - in order to protect one's fragile language ego(as human uses language as a means to understand and express oneself) from new language, inhibition hinders learners from learning new language
③ willingness to communicate (risk-taking + self-esteem, confidence, efficacy) - a state of readiness to engage in the L2 - know ego fragility, have firm belief, take calculated risks in attempting to use language
⑴ high - no daunted by a mistake ⑵ low - do not want to make a mistake - fossilization
+ risk-taking - nervous but try to communicate / WTC - nervous, and it pushes me to do well
④ anxiety - facilitative anxiety(euphoric tension), debilitative anxiety(detrimental to one's self-efficacy)
* learner strategies - we have a number of possible options for solving a particular problem
1. learning strategy (input - to processing, storage, and retrieval of messages from others)
① meta-cognitive - planning, monitoring(thinking about learning process as it is taking place), evaluating
② cognitive strategies - used directly in dealing with the learning task - ex) note-taking
③ socio-affective - enhance opportunity to communicate with others or control one's own emotional conditions - ex) question for clarification
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