영어교육론 - Learning Variables(2)

2. communication strategy (output - how we productively express meaning, how we deliver messages to others)

① avoidance strategy - topic, syntactic, lexical, phonological

 

② compensatory strategy - meaning negotiation에 대한 uptake 전략 or maintain communication flow

⑴ prefabricated patterns - memorized phrases without internalized knowledge(where is ____)

⑵ appeal for help - ask for correct form (what is this in English?)

⑶ code-switching - use of L1 while speaking in L2 / cf) trans-languaging - bilingual students가 사용

⑷ circumlocution - describe or exemplify the object (the thing you open bottles)

⑸ approximation - 유사한 표현 (sail boat - ship)

⑹ word-coinage - make a new word / cf) cognate - 한 언어에서 단어가 다른 언어에서 모양이 비슷한 것

⑺ stalling(time gaining) - fillers or hesitation devices + back channeling(응답해주기)

⑻ literal translation - 직역 - 이게 L1 interference(error)의 원인(compensatory strategy)

 

* Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

① lg determines a person's world view and mental activity - some universal properties bind us all together

② linguistic determinism - wholly determined / linguistic relativity - interaction between language and culture

 

* bilingualism (+ additive - L1을 안 잊어버리고 / subtractive - L1을 잊어버리고)

① coordinate - 각각의 의미체계를 가진다.(외국어 교육의 지향점) / ② compound - 하나의 의미치계(L1)

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* second culture acquisition (sociocultural factor)

① acculturation - the creation of a new identity with maintenance of native culture(heart of culture learning)

 

② the stage of acculturation

⑴ excitement and euphoria

⑵ culture shock - the intrusion of cultural differences into their own self and security

⑶ culture stress - tentative recovery, and feeling of anomie and cultural homelessness

⑷ assimilation(abandon native language culture) or adaptation(revise native language culture)

+ optimal distance model - optimal cognitive and affective tension occurs at the third stage of acculturation

 

③ social distance - the cognitive and affective proximity of two cultures that come into contact within an individual (+ perceived/actual social distance)

+ parameters of social distance : dominance, integration(assimilation, acculturation, or preservation, the degree of enclosure), cohesiveness(group size, 응집력), congruence(similarity in their value and belief system, attitude toward each other), permanence(length of residence)

+ good language learning situation - target group is non-dominant, both groups desire assimilation, congruent, L2 group is small and noncohesive, and intends to remain in the target language area for a long time

 

④ cultural norms - ⑴ proxemics - the study of the physical distance as well as their postures(자세), ⑵ kinesthetics - physical contact with someone, ⑶ haptics - any form of nonverbal communication ⑷ paralinguistics(kinesics) - the study or use of non-vocal phenomena such as gestures and eye contact, ⑸ oculesics - eye contact and eye movement, ⑹ olfactory - smell, ⑺ artifacts - the effects of clothing and ornamentation