영어교육론 - Learning Variables(1)

Learner Variables

 

* learner styles - consistent and rather enduring tendencies or preferences within an individual

1. cognitive domain

① FD/FI

⑴ field dependent - contextualized, holistic, focus on whole(less able to distinguish specific parts from whole)

⑵ field independent - decontextualized, analytic, focus on parts(able to ignore whole to find specific parts)

 

② ambiguity tolerance

⑴ high - entertain(internalize) contradictory(incongruent) propositions (open-minded)

⑵ low - reject contradictory, incongruent propositions (close-minded)

 

③ impulsive/reflective

⑴ reflective - slow, logical inferencing, 생각 후 행동, few errors

⑵ impulsive - fast, guessing, 행동 후 생각, many errors

+ balancing reflective and impulsive learners - giving rehearsal(preparation) time

 

④ visual / auditory / kinesthetic(운동성의) learning style

 

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2. affective domain

① motivation(intensity of feeling or drive) and orientation(a purpose of learning)

⑴ intrinsic motivation - just doing it is happiness, for their own sake, without apparent external reward

⑵ extrinsic motivation - the anticipation of an external reward(praise and prize)

⑶ integrative orientation - to be a part of a community of the target language speakers

⑷ instrumental orientation - acquire language as a means for attaining instrumental goals(furthering a career, reading technical materials, translation and so forth)

 

② Inhibition - in order to protect one's fragile language ego(as human uses language as a means to understand and express oneself) from new language, inhibition hinders learners from learning new language

 

③ willingness to communicate (risk-taking + self-esteem, confidence, efficacy) - a state of readiness to engage in the L2 - know ego fragility, have firm belief, take calculated risks in attempting to use language

⑴ high - no daunted by a mistake ⑵ low - do not want to make a mistake - fossilization

+ risk-taking - nervous but try to communicate / WTC - nervous, and it pushes me to do well

 

④ anxiety - facilitative anxiety(euphoric tension), debilitative anxiety(detrimental to one's self-efficacy)

 

* learner strategies - we have a number of possible options for solving a particular problem

1. learning strategy (input - to processing, storage, and retrieval of messages from others)

① meta-cognitive - planning, monitoring(thinking about learning process as it is taking place), evaluating

② cognitive strategies - used directly in dealing with the learning task - ex) note-taking

③ socio-affective - enhance opportunity to communicate with others or control one's own emotional conditions - ex) question for clarification