영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Ambiguity

1. Lexical(semantic) ambiguity

① polysemy (다의어 관계, 뜻에 유사성이 있다, 같은 단어) - ex) way(길, 방법), court(법원, 궁전, 앞마당)

② homonymy (동음이의어, 뜻에 유사성이 전혀 없다) - ex) bank(둑, 은행), smart(clever, burning sensation)

 

2. structural(syntactic) ambiguity - surface structure 상태에서 확인, relies on the principle of modification

ex) under no circumstances are passengers permitted to open the doors

① PP

ex) Mary saw [the man with a telescope] - Mary {saw [the man] with a telescope}

ex) Tom floated [the boat between the rocks] - Tom {floated [the boat] between the rocks}

ex) Tom interviewed [Tim in a tuxedo] - {Tom interviewed [Tim] in a tuxedo}

② Adjective

ex) Tom gave [her] [dog biscuits] - Tom gave [her dog] [biscuits]

ex) [superfluous] [hair remover] - [superfluous hair] [remover]

③ That(whether relative clause or complementiser)

ex) Tom told [Jack that he ran into] [something] - Tom told [Jack] [that he ran into something]

④ form의 차이

ex) The chicken is ready to eat - ready의 차이(형용사의 complementation 참고)

⑴ the chicken is ready to be eaten(ergative) ⑵ the chicken is ready to eat something(unergative)

ex) Visiting relatives can be boring - visiting이 동명사인지 현재분사인지

⑴ It can be boring to visit relatives(nominal) ⑵ Relatives who are visiting can be boring(adjectival)

ex Time flies like an arrow - flies가 명사 like가 동사 / flies가 동사 like가 부사

⑤ whether the word is a participle or an adjective(passive와 adjective 파트에서 자세히 정리)

ex) she is calculating (calculative↔frank or counting our salaries)

ex) they were relieved (feel at ease or take turns with the next group)

ex) the shop is closed at 5 o'clock (at 5 o'clock, it is no longer open or someone closed it)

⑥ George wants the presidency more than Martha(he wants Martha or Martha wants presidency)

 

Case theory

- all overt NP must have(receive) case from case assigners(be assigned case by case assigners)

1. case assigners - assign case to assignee (structurally)

① 시제를 가진 절(+tense) - nominative case(주격)

② 타동사 - accusative case(목적격) ex) to open the bottle - the bottle이 open으로부터 격 부여받음

③ 전치사 - oblique case(전차사격)

ex) *It is likely Mary to be innocent, *I was pleased my sister to be pregnant - to-infinitival는 격 부여X

ex) *the city's recent dumping the garage - gerund는 격 부여O. 단, 동사이므로 형용사의 수식X / dumping을 명사로 본다면 NP가 격을 받았으니 N인 dumping도 격을 받음. 단, the garage가 격 부여X

ex) *I don't know whether John to go to the party - whether는 complementizer이지만 격 부여X

+ inherent case - ① [_‘s] - genitive case(소유격), ② dative patterns - ex) John gave Mary a present

+ SSR에서 일어나는 두 개의 movement 중 마지막 movement가 case를 받기 위해 이동하는 것이다

ex) () is likely Patrick to leave - Patrick is likely (trace) to leave

ex) *Patrick is likely that left - 이미 finite인 종속절에서 case를 받아서 이동이 필요가 없는데 이동(비문의 이유)

+ 위의 예문은 case의 비문을 설명할 때 ‘T node가 nominative case를 줄 대상이 없어서 비문이다‘라고 해도 된다.

 

2. theta theory와 비교

① thematic role(semantics과 연관, D-structure), ② case theory(syntax와 연관, S-structure)