1. reflexive pronouns(재귀 대명사)
① non-emphatic(비-강조) - lexical(reflexive verbs), anaphoric(referring to preceding NP- binding principle)
⑴ reflexive verbs - some verbs only take a reflexive pronoun as an object
- pride oneself on, commit oneself to, apply oneself to (~에 전념하다), acquit oneself of (책임을 다하다)
- adjust (oneself) with, behave (oneself), shave (oneself) with, wash (oneself)
⑵ anaphoric - ex) Mary told Cathy all about herself - ambiguous
② emphatic(강조) - noun을 중심으로 앞 뒤, 또는 문장 끝, heavy stress
ex) Of course, I(noun) myself would never do anything like that
2. reciprocal pronouns(anaphoric) - each other, one another(more than two)
ex) Alice and Joan admired (themselves - 스스로를 존경, each other - 서로를 존중)
3. possessive pronouns - replace NP that indicate possession
ex) You take the big car, and I'll drive hers(Alice's car)
- They can also be used in a possessive construction where they are preceded by 'determiner+noun+of'
+ indefinite determiner (a, any, some, this) are possible, but not definite one (the)
ex) this friend of mine told me that you won some money recently
ex) *He introduced me to the friend of his
cf) this is (the daughters) of Mrs. brown (who want to see you)
+ A friend of mine(굳이 밝힐 필요 없을 때) vs my friend(청자, 화자 모두 알고 있다)
4. Anaphora - the connection between pronouns and their antecedents (대명사, 재귀대명사 구분x)
① forward Anaphora - anaphoric reference (선행사, 대명사) - 등위, 종속 모두 가능
② backward Anaphora - cataphoric reference (대명사, 선행사) - 종속만 가능
ex) *She examined the patient, and then the doctor called him again(cataphoric expression)
5. Indefinite pronouns(some, any, every, no) and agreement
① 의문문에서 기대의 some
ex) did somebody call while I was out?(기대를 한다) / did anybody call while I was out?(기대가 없다)
② every, some - they는 집합, he는 개인
ex) when it comes to food, everybody knows what [he, they] had is made of insufferable conceit
ex) did someone leave [her, their] scarf at my house on Friday night?
③ collective nouns
ex) the crowd(committee), which [has, have] up until now been engaged in ~ have는 개개인, has는 집합
6. pronouns in comparisons
ex) He is a lot faster than I am - regular, ex) He is a lot faster than I(me) - shortened
7. reflexive pronouns in place of personal pronouns - after the words: as, like, but, besides, other than
ex) This must really be a big thrill for someone like (you, yourself)
+ and following comparison words, that is, in the conjoined structures
ex) The research proposal was prepared by Dr. Carver and myself - I와 me 중에 뭐를 쓸지 모를 때
8. additional rules
① What made you choose to live there?, ② Rising home value may be making some people wealthy
③ she found herself(O) gradually involved in it(OC), only to find her passport missing
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