영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Passive sentence(1)(수동태)

1. constraints on forming passive sentences

① stative verbs (do not affect the object, so that they do not have corresponding passive versions)

- contain, cost, equal, fit, lack, last, resemble

ex) in many ways, Agnes resembles my mother

ex) *in many ways, my mother was resembled by Agnes

 

② multi-word verbs

⑴ separable phrasal verbs - usually possible

ex) Maggie looked up the address - the address was looked up by Maggie

⑵ inseparable phrasal verbs - usually not possible, but ‘look after’, ‘look into’, ‘pick on(놀리다)’ possible

ex) John fell for(홀리다) a tall blond girl - *a tall blond girl was fallen for (by John)

⑶ permanently separated phrasal verbs - usually possible including ask out(데이트 신청하다), let off (dismiss), but 'get down', 'see through(끝까지 해내다)' are not

ex) Tom saw the task through(끝까지) - the task was seen through(관통) by Tom

⑷ phrasal prepositional verb - usually not possible including close in on(둘러싸다), come down with(병에 걸리다), cut down on, end up with, get along with, get down to, go in for, put up with, but look forward to is only possible. ex) *He was gotten along with by everyone, ?The noisy people was put up with by me

⑸ prepositional verbs - usually possible, but abide by, adjust to, adept at, adapt to, agree with, back on(의지하다), run for(출마하다) are not ex) I abide by Tom's house - *Tom's house is abided by me

⑹ ditransitive prepositional verbs (V+NP+Prep+NP)

⒜ 일반적 - NP1 (o), NP2 (x)

ex) the gang robbed her of her necklace

ex) she is robbed of her necklace by the gang

⒝ type 2 - NP1 (o), NP2 (o)

ex) they have made a (terrible) mess of the house

ex) a (terrible) mess has been made of the house by them

ex) the house has been made a (terrible) mess of by them

- make allowance for, take care of, pay attention to, take advantage of

⒞ type 3 - NP1 (x), NP2 (o)

ex) suddenly they caught sight of the life boat

ex) *sight was suddenly caught of the life boat

ex) the life boat was suddenly caught sight of

- keep pause with, give way to, lose touch with, cross swords with, keep tabs on, give rise to

 

③ for dative - only passives converted from active sentences in the prepositional pattern

ex) the old woman gave the little girl a piece of candy

ex) a piece of candy was given to the little girl by the old woman

ex) the little girl was given a piece of candy by the old woman

ex) Susan found John a nice apartment

ex) *John was found a nice apartment by susan

ex) a nice apartment was found for John by susan

 

④ semantic constraints

O(focus, definite), be PP(physical action), by S(indefinite)

ex) This old Jalopy of mine must be wanted by somebody(want가 stative지만 구체적이라서 object에 영향)

 

+ meaning differences (18년 기출)

ex) everyone in the room speaks two languages - a lot of languages or two languages (ambiguous)

ex) two languages are spoken in the room by everyone - only two languages

ex) few people read many books - there are few people who read many books

ex) many books are read by few people - there are many books which are read by few people

ex) moles dig tunnels - true

ex) tunnels were dug by moles - not true because not all tunnels are dug by moles