1. that complement
① factive predicates - the complements of them are assumed to be a fact - indicative verbs(사실만 전달)
+ that 대신에 if/whether - interrogative, negative, uncertainty verbs(ask, doubt, want to know)
② suasive predicate - ask, demand, insist, suggest, move(동의하다) - present subjunctive, putative should
+ insist와 suggest는 factual and suasive 둘 다 가능 - He insisted that she (didn't / not) smoke
③ emotive verbs - indicative or putative should(안했으면) - I regret that you (leave / should leave) home
④ negative raising verbs - anticipate, believe, expect, imagine, suppose / appear, seem (extraposition)
ex) we forgot that she doesn't like him - we didn't forget that she likes him
cf) he told me / said to me / mentioned(recommend) (to me) / wrote (to) me that she is beautiful
2. gerund complements(얘는 genitive case를 주어로 가질 수 있지만 5형식 동사는 x ex) I caught you going)
① gerund만 complement로 취하는 verbs - avoid, delay, dislike, enjoy, favor, finish, practice, resist, busy
② when there is no subject, the understood subject is not the same as the one of the main clause
- advise, advocate, encourage, recommend, suggest
ex) I would recommend calling the restaurant the day before. they are usually very busy at lunch time
3. verbs that takes both gerund and infinitive complements
① gerund - past, fulfilled, real, factive verb ② infinitive - future, not fulfilled, hypothetical, non-factive
ex) John's doing that annoyed(factive verb) me / For John to do that would annoy me
ex) I regret, resent, hate / *suppose, *believe(non-factive verb) John's having died of cancer last night
ex) remember(forget, regret) doing the task(done in the past) / remember to do the task(should be done)
+ do not forget to do the task (usually used with not) - the task is not done
ex) try doing the task - attempted but not carried out / try to do the task - carried out
ex) stop doing the task / stop to do the task - stop in order to do the task
ex) start to do the task - start something / start doing the task - (reluctantly) start something
ex) needs submitting - needs to be submitted / needs to submit - 능동의 의미 / the need to V
4. verbs that take both present participle and bare infinitive complements - perception verbs
① achievement
ex) I saw Tom snapping his fingers - present participle - repetition of the action
ex) I saw Tom snap his fingers - bare infinitive - single instance of the action
② accomplishment
ex) I saw the boy drown in the pool - bare infinitive - action is complete
ex) I saw the boy drowning in the pool - present participle - in-progress action
5. Wh-phrase(adverb) vs complementizer(if, that, and whether, which behaves like a Wh-phrase)
① complementizer can't introduce non-finite clause ex) what/whether to do, ex) *that/*if to do
+ ex) *whether John to do는 비문이다. 왜냐하면 John이 case를 못 받기 때문이다.
② complementizer can't become the complement of a preposition ex) about *if/whether he'll come here
③ complementizer can't be directly followed by 'or not' ex) I don't know *if/whether or not
6. additional rules
① decision (on purchasing, to purchase), ② did nothing (but go / except going / except for going)
③ complementizer for appears at the beginning of the complement: arrange, pray, long, hate, love, plan
ex) we arranged for your group to have access to the conference room(access(vt) NP / access(n) to NP)
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