영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Passive sentence(3)(수동태)

6. ergative(지 혼자) vs passive(누구에 의해서)

① the agent is unidentified - ex) the bank closes (at 5pm) - agent가 전제되지 않은 문맥에서는 수동형 불가

② so many possible causes for a change (the agent is innumerous)

ex) price increased due to a lot of factors, ex) the door swung open

③ to create an aura of mystery or suspense - 지 혼자 일어나니까

ex) we were sitting quietly after dinner, when suddenly the door opened (by itself)

④ it is natural to expect change to occur - natural change

ex) the ice on the pond melted (naturally)

 

7. middle voice vs passive - (dynamic, specific, temporary vs stative, generic, not temporary)

ex) she isn't easily frightened (by the noise) - 일시적인 상황

ex) she doesn't frightened easily - 그녀의 속성

ex) the shirts is ironed well - the skill of ironer

ex) the shirts ironed well - 셔츠의 속성

 

8. ergative vs middle voice

① ergative는 주로 과거형으로 많이 쓰인다.(지 혼자 일어난 일이니깐) but

ex) the cake is baking (진행), the bank closes at 5pm(현재)

② middle verb는 주로 현재형으로 쓰인다.(속성이니깐) but

ex) his new book sold rapidly(과거)

ex) those bureaucrats are bribing easily(진행 - 특정 주어가 쓰일 땐)

 

9. ergative(unaccusative - theme) vs unergative(intransitive verb - agent)

+ ergative가 unaccusative인 이유 - 주어가 theme을 부여받지만 목적어와 달리 accusative case를 못 부여 받음

ex) He arrived (t) at the hill - He가 (t) 자리에서 theme으로 생성(internal argument), case받으려고 move

① most ergative has a corresponding transitive construction

② ergative past participle can be used as nominal modifiers (+ stative passive와 같다)

ex) the melted snow - the snow melted

ex) *the shouted victim - the victim shouted

③ ergative subjects are generally modified by a resultative adjunct(indicates the state of a noun resulting from the completion of the verb, theme / 동사만 놓고 보면 telic, bounded) (2010년 2차 논술)

ex) the vase broke into piece (unaccusative subject(theme), resultative adjunct)

- the vase was broken into piece(passive subject)

- John broke the vase into piece(object of transitive verb)

ex) *John dined full (unergative subject(agent))

- *John ate the dinner full (subject of transitive verb(agent))

cf) John dined himself full - 정문 with reflexive pronoun

④ ergative can have 'there' as a subject. but the verbs which describe change of state(break, melt) can't

ex) there exist the human being, ex) there appear the wicked animal

cf) *there melt a snow ball(ergative, but change of state), ex) *there disappear the thief(unergative)

 

10. 2 중 passive

ex) Nearly fifty flights to the airport are thought to have been delayed by the snow storm last week

- 연기됐다고(passive) 생각된다(passive)

 

11. 명령문의 수동태 - ex) call the reviews → let the reviewers be called