2. the distinction between prepositional(natural unit with NP) verbs and phrasal verbs(natural unit with V)
① syntactic test
⑴ adverb insertion
ex) we turned quickly [off the road] - pre o / ex) *we [turned quickly off] the light - phra x
⑵ phrase fronting
ex) [up the hill] John ran - pre o / ex) *up] the bill John [ran - phra x
⑶ wh- fronting(also relative clauses)
ex) [about what] does he write - pre o / ex) *up] what does he [write - phra x
⑷ passivization
ex) the light was [turned off] - phra o / ex) *the road] was turned [off - pre x
⑸ verb substitution
ex) the light was [turned off] - the light was [extinguished] - phra o
⑹ NP insertion (particle movement)
ex) we [turned the light off] - phra o / ex) *we turned the road] [off - pre x
+ in the case of pronoun, the particle movement rule must be applied because pronoun is old info and non-dominant, and it does not occupy the final position(end focus)
ex) she called [on them] / *she called them] [on / ex) *she [called up] them / she [called them up]
But, when we apply this test to a prepositional sentence, we can notice that the sentence is ungrammatical
② phonological test - a particle may receive stress, whereas a preposition may usually not
ex) he [looked UP] the word
ex) he Looked [up the road]
cf) 문맥에 따라 he looked [Up the road], not Down - ex) 대조의 경우
3. inseparable transitive phrasal verbs - fossilized (unlike phrasal verbs, but like prepositional verbs, they do not take particle movement. Then, why is it phrasal?)
① no adverb insertion - ex) *he [ran unexpectedly across] Jay
② no Wh- fronting - ex) *across] which he [ran
③ no phrase fronting - ex) *across] Tom he [ran
4. permanently separated transitive phrasal verb
① to avoid the ambiguity with the inseparable phrasal verbs
ex) I can get the message through to him (convey, transmit)
ex) I can get through the lesson (finish)
ex) we will see this ordeal through together (complete)
ex) we will see through his excuse (penetrate)
② idioms
ex) he cried his eye out (cry profusely)
ex) she laughed her head off (laugh uproariously)
5. ditransitive phrasal verb and prepositional verb
① separable ditransitive phrasal verb
ex) John [paid back] his loan(old) /to the bank(new) - IO(the bank) is dominant
ex) John [paid his loan(old) back] /to the bank(new) - IO(the bank) is dominant
ex) John [paid the bank(old) back] his loan(new) - DO(his loan) is dominant
ex)?John [paid back] the bank(old) his loan(new) - IO(the bank)가 non-dominant라는 것을 설명하지 못함
ex) John [paid the bank(old) his loan(new) back - particle이 가장 dominant
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