4. adverbial - adverb(form) as adverbial(grammatical function) - adjunct, subjunct, disjunct
① adjuncts - resemble the sentence elements. adjunct can be the focus of a cleft sentence
⑴ predication - 서술어와 의미가 연결됨: John carefully drives his car - *it is carefully the case that John
⒜ obligatory - complement로서 역할, put은 internal argument를 2개 가짐
ex) she [put] the letter [on the kitchen table]
ex) she [put] [on the kitchen table] the letter that ~(heavy NP, end weight)
+ heavy NP, end weight
ex) *she gave a flower [the men I know~] - heavy NP라도 옮기면 안 된다, to가 들어가야 한다.
ex) she gave [a flower that ~] (to me) - she gave (to me) [a flower that~]
⒝ optional
ex) she [found] the letter (on the kitchen table) - 없어져도 말이 된다.
⑵ sentence - 문장 전체와 의미가 연결됨: John usually drives his care - it is usually the case that John ~
ex) ralph [kissed] his mother (on the cheek) - optional predication adjunct
ex) [ralph kissed his mother], [on the platform] - sentence
ex) [on the platform], [ralph kissed his mother] - preposing(only sentence)
② subjuncts (a subordinate, parenthetic role - 의미에 부수적인 역할, 없어도 의미에 변화가 없다.)
⑴ wide orientation - show a subjunct character through a particular relationship with the subject
⒜ viewpoint(semantically respect / initial position) - ‘~의 관점에서 보면’
ex) architecturally, (the plans represent a magnificent concept)
ex) scientifically, (the expeditions were planned) - subjunct
ex) the expeditions (were planned) scientifically - optional predication adjunct(end position)
⒝ courtesy(주어의 습성, 성격 중 politeness / middle position) - ‘~할 정도로 ~하다’
ex) she kindly offered me her seat (she was kind enough to offer ~) - subjunct
ex) she offered me her seat kindly (she offered me ~ in kind manner) - adjunct
⑵ narrow orientation - related to the predication or to a particular part of the predication
⒜ item (volition[의지] of subject, 특정 사건에 대한 주어의 의지 / initial position) - ‘~할 때 ~하다.’
ex) bitterly, he buried his child (he was bitter when he buried his child)
ex) with great pride, he accepted the award (he was proud when he accept ~)
ex) she has consistently opposed the lawyer's argument(she was always consistent when she opposes)
⒝ emphasizer(강조어, a reinforcing effect on the meaning of a sentence with modalized verb phrases)
ex) you could always have telephoned to ask, ex) that may well be true(그것이 진실인 것은 당연하다)
⒞ intensifeir(강화어, an increase or decrease of the intensity) - ex) They fully appreciate the problem
+ time-relation subjunct - ex) I (still/already) haven't (just) spoken to him (yet)
③ disjunct (a superior role - 문장의 의미에 큰 역할, 없어지면 내용이 달라진다)
⑴ style - speaker's comment on the style and form of the sentence - '~에 대하여 이야기하면(if I put it)'
ex) frankly, I'm tired - 솔직히 얘기하면, 난 지금 지쳤어 / with respect - 죄송하지만
ex) from what he said, the other driver was in the wrong way - 걔가 말한 걸 이야기하면
⑵ content - making a comment on the actual content of an utterance and on its truth conditions
⒜ certainty - these disjuncts comment on the truth value of what is said, firmly endorsing it (확실성)
ex) in essence(사실상, 확실히), the judge called her evidence in question
⒝ evaluation - express an attitude to an utterance by way of evaluation (내용에 대한 평가)
ex) wisely(똑똑하게도), he answered the question, foolishly - it was wise that he answered ~
+ meaning difference of adverb in an embedded clause splitting infinitive
ex) the city council voted (immediately) to (immediately) approve raising the sales tax
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