1. stative verb (상태동사)
① continuous, no change of state for a long time
② no end point(atelic) - start, stop(o), finish(x)
③ not normally occur in progressive aspect
④ can't occur with manner adverbs(how), imperative
ex) *she understood methodically, ex) *know it
⑤ no pseudo cleft
ex) *what bill did(동작) was resemble Tom
+ stative progressive
⑴ the operation is really costing a lot of money (emotional strength)
⑵ you're being stubborn (focusing on abnormal change)
⑶ the baby is resembling his father more and more (evolving change)
⑷ we are hoping you can explain this mess (polite tone)
2. dynamic verb (⑴ change of state, ⑵ end point, ⑶ repetitive - can occur in progressive aspect)
① activity(process) - ex) Brenda drove toward(도착점을 명시x 단지 방향만) here, ex) simon treated her
⑴ go on for an indefinite time (no end point, atelic) - ex) Kim wiped the window and poured the milk
⑵ can't occur with finish(완성), but can with stop(중단) and start
② accomplishment - ex) simon healed her, ex) Brenda drove to here
⑴ terminate in an end point (telic)
⑵ go on for a certain amount of time and ends with completion (implicate preliminary activity)
ex) peeled the carrot, repaired the toaster, built a house, performed the Third Partita, wrote a sonnet
⑶ can occur with start, stop, finish, but if it is used with stop, the accomplishment does not occur.
③ achievement
⑴ occur instantaneously, punctually with no preliminary activity(no duration)
⑵ ends as soon as it begins (end point, telic) - ex) Kim broke the window(한 번 만에도 부서질 수 있다)
⑶ differ from accomplishment in attaching much greater importance to the end point than earlier point
ex) finished her dissertation, arrived here, a goldfish died, got to Boston, find a solution, cross the line
⑷ can't occur with start and stop, but can with finish
3. expressing more than one type of lexical aspect
① two semantic classes
ex) I see poorly(=I have poor vision) - stative
ex) I see a parking spot - achievement
② with adding some constituents
⑴ adding prepositional phrase
ex) he runs - activity
ex) he runs (to the post office) - accomplishment
⑵ adding an object NP
ex) I sing a song(노래 한 개니까 end point) - accomplishment
ex) I sing songs(몇 개인지 안정해져 있으니 no end point) - activity
4. effect of lexical aspect
ex) John has written(accomplishment verb) only one novel since 1998(완성)
ex) John has owned(stative verb) only one novel since 1998(계속)
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