영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Negation(부정어구)

1. clausal - negation that yields a negative sentence

① verbal - primary negation - finite sentence - ex) my cousins aren't staying with me, are they?

+ verbal negation is marked either by negative inflection(didn't) or by modification of not(did not)

② nonverbal - negative words - ex) he hid no information, did he?(=he didn't hide any information)

+ while 'no' is only determiner, its scope can be sentential

 

2. sub-clausal - negation doesn't make the whole clause negative

① affixal - un-, in(m)-, il(r)-, dis-, a-, non- ex) he was [unkind], wasn't he?

② other cases

⑴ nonverbal - (부분 부정 or different meaning)

ex) [not all] of his suggestions, [not a little](적지 않은) / [not one](단 한 명도), [not often] have I(seldom)

ex) she works [for nothing] - 공짜로 / she's [interested in] nothing(he isn't interested in anything)

ex) it was [no mean] achievement - 대단한 / it was no [great deal], not [too sympathetic](unsympathetic)

ex) this is [a not uncommon mistake] - somewhat common / this is not [an uncommon mistake]

ex) [not surprisingly], he complained / surprisingly, he didn't complain, not [long ago](fairly recently)

ex) [in no time] we were(부정어 도치x) friends - 즉시 / [at no time] were we friends - 단 한순간도

⑵ verbal secondary negation - non-finite clause - ex) he has decided [not to pass it], hasn't he?

ex) the aim was to [not change it] / the aim was not to change it(ambiguous - 'wasn't' leads to primary)

+ negative raising(OR - think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine / SR - appear, seem, be likely)

ex) I imagine [that he won't want to come] = I don't imagine [that he will want to come]

cf) 단 think는 I don't think he is an idiot이라고 쓰지 I think he is not an idiot이라 쓰지 않는다.

+ secondary negation combined with primary negation (multi-negation)

- the two negatives cancel each other out semantically but the sentence remains negative syntactically

ex) I can't [not obey her], can I? = I can obey her

 

3. scope of negation - every와 함께 18년 기출

① adverb(as for the first example, adverb definitely has scope over 'not')

ex) she definitely didn't speak to him - it is definite that she didn't speak to him

ex) she didn't definitely speak to him - it is not definite that she spoke to him

② stress(when an adjunct is final, it may or may not lie outside the scope)

ex) I wasn't Listening(stress) all the time - I listened non of the time/I was speaking all the time

ex) I wasn't listening all the Time(stress) - I listened some of the time(all이 stress 받아야 하는 거 아니야?)

③ if an assertive form is used, it must lie outside the scope

ex) I didn't listen to some of the speakers - I listened to some

ex) I didn't listen to any of the speakers - I listened to none

④ intonation

ex) he likes his job, doesn't he?(rising) - verification(genuine question, 정말로 그래?)

ex) I wasn't born yesterday, was I(falling) - confirmation(no opposition is expected, 내 말이 맞지?)

 

4. negation test

① addition of 'not even' - ex) I (*have / haven't) read your book, not even the introduction

② the connective adjuncts 'so' and 'neither'('nor')

ex) I have read your book, and (so / *neither or *nor) have my students

③ tag question(reversed tag, confirmation tag) - ex) they have read my book, haven't they?

+ the negation of Wh- questions - ex) Why (don't you / do you not) see it?(보는 게 어때 / 왜 안 봐?)

 

5. negative(nonassertive)/positive(assertive) polarity items

① nonassertive items in contexts

⑴ questions, ⑵ negations

⑶ conditions - expectation of negative response - ex) if you ever touch me again, I'll scream

⑷ comparative - ex) she works as hard as she ever did

⑸ restrictive relative clause(condition) - ex) students who have any complaints should raise their hands

+ many(= a few)와 much(= a little)도 nonassertive items

ex) There aren't (any/many) who would disagree / the wine is inferior and I didn't drink(any/much)

② constant polarity tags(positive statement + positive tag) - rising intonation

- surprise(not plausible, unexpected new info), disbelief, disapproval (아직 잘 모름 - 상대방 불신)

ex) A: we can't move this cupboard

B: it's heavy isn't it?, I have tried to lift it / B: It's heavy is it?, I was afraid it might be

 

6. auxiliary negation vs main verb negation (especially for 'may')

① epitomic(permission) - you may not go swimming

② deontic(possibility) - you may not bother to come if ~