'고등 내용정리' 카테고리의 글 목록 (4 Page)

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - Prosodic features(supra-segmental)(1) Prosodic(운율적인) features(supra-segmental) - 영어는 stress-timed language 1. stress - is a cover term for the prosodic features of duration, intensity, and pitch(prominence) (+ rhythm, stress, tone - prosodic features에 해당하는 suprasegmental properties - unit이 가지는 속성) ① lexical categories(syntactic word category, 품사) - 명사, 동사, 형용사, 부사 (+ affix와 함께 stress를 결정) + compound noun(morphology와 연관)과 noun phrase.. 2022. 11. 15.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - Syllables(2) 4. syllabification(where the syllable boundaries lie) is made with reference to language-specific facts (syllable phonotactics) such as possible onset/coda clusters and maximal onset principles 5. maximal onset principle(MOP) ① it simply assigns any series of intervocalic consonants to the syllable on the right as long as it does not violate language-specific onset patterns(phonotactics) ② V C C.. 2022. 11. 14.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - Syllables(1) Syllables - phonological unit composed of one or more phonemes and suprasegmental unit 1. phonotactic constraints - restrictions between syllabic elements are either within onset or rhyme - syllable structure와 lexical gap(possible, nonsense)을 통해 new form이 possible or impossible 인지 판단 ex) [blIt] - possible onset cluster, accidental gap / ex) *[bmIt] - impossible onset cluster, systematic gap but .. 2022. 11. 14.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Vowels(3) 10. full forms(stressed) vs reduced forms(unstressed) of function words + function words - auxiliaries, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, pronouns, and some adverbs ex) relative pronoun 'that'(reduced) and demonstrative 'that'(full) ① full forms are in isolation(citation) / reduced forms are in connected seech ② focal point(contrastive, emphasis) - full forms ex) A: “We can serve strawberrie.. 2022. 11. 11.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Vowels(2) 5. vowel before tautosyllabic /l/ - postvocalic laterals are velarized(dark) + vowels are more centralized + back vowel /a/ and /ɔ/의 distinction은 어렵지만 when followed by tautosyllabic /r/이면 쉽다. 6. central vowels 7. full/reduced vowels(scwha) ① While all vowels of English (except [ə]) can occur in stressed syllables, many of these vowels reveal alternations with an [ə] in unstressed syllables in a .. 2022. 11. 11.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Vowels(1) English vowels 1. features(+ 순서는 mid, central, unrounded, lax vowel - schwa) ① tongue position - tongue height(high, mid, low), tongue part(front, central, back) ⑴ place - front(i I e ɛ ᴂ), central(ə ʌ), back(u ʊ o(oʊ, ow) ɔ ɑ) ⑵ height - high(i I u ʊ), mid(e(eI, ej) ɛ ə o ɔ), low(ᴂ ʌ ɑ) ② lip position - rounded, unrounded + all non-low back vowels are rounded(redundancy rule - 환경에 상관없이 무조건) ③ m.. 2022. 11. 10.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (5) * approximants([+consonant, +sonorant, -nasal]) - glide(/j/, /w/, + 움직이는 vowel), liquid(/l/, /r/) 1. Joined with stops in two-member English onset cluster - $ C(obstruent) C(approximant) V ① lateral - /s/ /f/ - ex) sleep [slip], fly [flaɪ] ② rhotic(non-leteral) - /f/ /θ/ /ʃ/ - ex) free [fɹ̣i], three [θɹ̣i], shrimp [ʃɹ̣ɪmp] ③ labio-velar glide(w) - /s/ /θ/ - ex) thwart [θwɔɹ̣t], sweet [swit] ④ pa.. 2022. 11. 10.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (4) * nasal(nasal stop) - bilabial /m/ alveolar /n/ velar /ŋ/ 1. nasal compensatory lengthening(de-gemination) - followed by an identical nasal (n n - n:) ex) ten names [tɛnːemz], some more [sʌmːɔɹ̣] 2. dentalization of alveolar nasal(oral alveolar stop/t, d/도) - followed by an inter-dental(/θ, ð/) ex) tenth [tɛn̪θ], ban the film [bæn̪ðəfɪlm], when they [wɛn̪ðe] 3. labio-dentalization of nasal follo.. 2022. 11. 9.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (3) * fricative - labio-dental /f, v/, interdental /θ, ð/, alveolar /s, z/, palato-alveolar /ʃ, ʒ/, glottal /h/ 1. the length of the preceding vowels or sonorant consonants depend on the following fricative(stop 1번) ex) save [sev] > safe [sef], fens [fɛnz] > fence [fɛns], shelve [ʃɛlv] > shelf [ʃɛlf] 2. In the formation of ① the regular noun plurals, ② third person possessive marking, and ③ marking .. 2022. 11. 9.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (2) ⑨ affrication - 강화 - regressive assimilation - when alveolar stop(t, d) is onset(syllable initial) + it is followed by /ɹ/ - becomes affricates(ʧ, ʤ) ex) train ⑩ palatalization - regressive assimilation, fricative도 해당(3번) + 이건 affricate가 되는 거 맞음 - alveolar stop(t, d) may turn into palato-alveolar affricates(ʧ, ʤ) when it is followed by palatal glide(j) ex) did you ... ([dɪd ju ...] or [dɪʤ ju .... 2022. 11. 8.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - English Consonants (1) English consonants - are produced with some restriction(혀가 조금이라도 닿으면) or closure * (oral) stop : bilabial - /p, b/, alveolar - /t, d/, velar - /k, g/ ① lenis(약음) / fortis(강음) - weakening / strengthening, 모든 obstruents(stop, fricative, affricate)에 해당 - In English only intervocalic stop is fully voiced / other positions(initial and final) are partially voiced + final devoicing is present if there .. 2022. 11. 8.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - Phonological Rules Phonological rules - phonological rules apply to(operate on) phonemic strings to derive their phonetic pronunciations(to make explicit which allophones are pronounced in which environments) - A(phoneme) becomes B(allophone) when they are [followed(preceded) by, between, in the position of] C. + condition(environment)라고 하면 ‘같은 syllable 속’ ‘바로 앞 뒤 sound들의 natural class’를 생각 + phonetic condition(en.. 2022. 11. 7.

Phonetics(음성학) & Phonology(음운론) - Segmental classification Segmental classification + phonological features(+ [ ]: feature matrix, ex) [+nasality] : 자음에서 distinctive, 모음에서 non-distinctive) ① distinctive feature (non-redundant, phonemic - 음소차원 - rule로 포착이 안 된다) ② redundant feature (predictable - 규칙으로 표현 가능, 환경의 영향을 받는다, phonetic - 음성차원) 1. English consonant - vocing, place of articulation, manner of articulation (순서가 중요) ⑴ vocing ⒜ voiced - vocal cords a.. 2022. 11. 7.

전치사 표현 정리 (1) 전치사 IN ① 동사+전치사 believe in ~을 믿다 check in 체크인하다 enroll in ~에 등록하다 invest in ~에 투자하다 participate in ~에 참석하다 specialize in ~을 전문(전공)으로 하다 succeed in ~에 성공하다 drop in(by) ~을 방문하다 result in + 결과(~의 결과로 끝나다) cf.) result from + 원인(~에 기인하다) give in 항복(굴복)하다, (제안, 요구 등을) 수락하다 ② 명사+전치사 experience in 분야 ~분야에서의 경험 interest in ~에 대한 관심 change in ~에 있어서의 변화 advance in ~에 있어서의 진보, 발전 development in ~에 있어서의.. 2022. 10. 18.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Conjunction(접속사) ① coordinate conjunctions - coordination(and, but, or, nor, yet, so) - 같은 form ex) Tom was happy with Jack's decision, and so was Tim, too (도치 o) ex) Not only did Tom jump out of the room (도치 o), but also he slid on the floor (도치 x) ex) Just as Tom did in the room, so I wanted to jump and slide on the floor ex) [being a good flight attendant] means [making your passengers feel relaxed] - 같은 form.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Indirect Objects(간접 목적어) 1. the prepositional(3형식) and dative(~을 받는 자리를 이끈다) movement(4형식) patterns DO - undergoes the action - theme / IO - the action is directed - goal ex) he gave [a beautiful ring] to [his friend] - deep structure(3형식) ex) he gave [his friend] [a beautiful friend] - surface structure(4형식) 2. to or for or both(to-성의가 없다, for-성의가 있다) ① TO - to dative verb(theme) - 한 번의 행동 ② FOR - for dative verb(benef.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Negation(부정어구) 1. clausal - negation that yields a negative sentence ① verbal - primary negation - finite sentence - ex) my cousins aren't staying with me, are they? + verbal negation is marked either by negative inflection(didn't) or by modification of not(did not) ② nonverbal - negative words - ex) he hid no information, did he?(=he didn't hide any information) + while 'no' is only determiner, its scope can .. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Focus structure(강조 구문) 1. cleft sentences ① it-cleft - VP(x), adjP(rare) A: I hear that they are going to fire [the secretary of state] B: No, it's [the secretary of defense] who they want to fire - mostly for contradicting ② wh-cleft, reversed wh-cleft - VP(o), adjP(rare), preP(except locative or temporal - when or where X) A: they served us some kind of [white beverage] - but A's topic was distracted by others A: we.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Non-referential there and it(비지칭 there과 it) * non-referential It - ① does not refer to anything, ② has no particular meaning by itself, ③ simply fills(can be placed in) the subject position of the sentence (+ weather "it" - ex) it's raining) + subject position(subjecthood) test ex) Is it raining - subject-aux inversion in yes/no question / ex) it's been raining all day - contraction ex) it was raining, wasn't it(이 자리에 주어가 나와야한다.) - tag qu.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Conditionals(가정법) 1. factual ① timeless - 시간에 상관없이 언제나, when이나 whenever로 바꿀 수 있다. 주절과 종속절 동사의 모양새가 같다. ⑴ generic(조건 - 결과, 물리법칙 같은 거) - if + simple present / simple present ex) if you boil water, it vaporizes ⑵ habitual(현재(과거)의 습관) - if + simple present(past) / (usually) simple present(past) ex) if I wash dishes, Sally (usually) dries them, ex) If Nancy said "jump", Bob (usually) jumped ② time-bounded - 한정적 시간 안에,.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Relative clause(관계절) 1. restrictive(선행사와 같은 종류의 여러 명 중 한 명) / non-restrictive(선행사 그 놈) + restrictive - narrow down the reference / non-restrictive - provide additional information of the head ① punctuation - restrictive(no punctuation) / non-restrictive(punctuation exists) ② intonation - restrictive(no fluctuation) / non-restrictive(pause and falling) ③ modification of proper nouns(고유명사) - restrictive(x) / non-restr.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Lexical aspect(2) 5. telic/atelic ① for - 기간 + 과정 = atelic(stative, activity) / in - 기간 + 완료 = telic(achievement, accomplishment) ② 'in' with achievement(the time that elapses before the event)and accomplishment(duration of the event) ③ for과 in이 둘 다 쓰이는 경우 ex) He solved the problems for(in) two hours - problems가 복수라서 for의 경우 풀린 문제도 있고 안 풀린 문제도 있다는 의미이고 in의 경우 모든 문제를 다 풀었다는 의미(solve the problem은 achievement) ex) h.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Lexical aspect 1. stative verb (상태동사) ① continuous, no change of state for a long time ② no end point(atelic) - start, stop(o), finish(x) ③ not normally occur in progressive aspect ④ can't occur with manner adverbs(how), imperative ex) *she understood methodically, ex) *know it ⑤ no pseudo cleft ex) *what bill did(동작) was resemble Tom + stative progressive ⑴ the operation is really costing a lot of money (emot.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Nouns & determiners & adjectives & adverbials(3)(명사, 형용사, 부사) 4. adverbial - adverb(form) as adverbial(grammatical function) - adjunct, subjunct, disjunct ① adjuncts - resemble the sentence elements. adjunct can be the focus of a cleft sentence ⑴ predication - 서술어와 의미가 연결됨: John carefully drives his car - *it is carefully the case that John ⒜ obligatory - complement로서 역할, put은 internal argument를 2개 가짐 ex) she [put] the letter [on the kitchen table] ex) she.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Nouns & determiners & adjectives & adverbials(2)(명사, 형용사, 부사) 3. adjective ① orders(sequences)of stacking adjectives ⑴ 주관적 - 객관적 - 불변(속성) ⑵ 주관적 - 크기 - 모양 - 신/구 - 색 - 유래 - 재료 - 파생 - 불변(속성) ex) an ugly, old, yellow, thin bucket ⑶ a noun corresponds to the head as object to verb ex) a cardboard detergent container(contain detergent) ex) my gas cigarette lighter(light a cigarette) / ex) *my cigarette gas lighter(light gas x) ② positions of adjectives ⑴ attribu.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Nouns & determiners & adjectives & adverbials(1)(명사, 형용사, 부사) 1. noun - 명사를 나눌 때 가장 기본적인 기준은 가산 명사와 불가산 명사로 나누는 것이다. noun a noun the noun 눈에 안 보임 or 머릿속에 개념이 생각남 셀 수 없다(sand) ex) 교육 눈에 보임 or 머릿속에 전형적인 예 셀 수 있다 ex) a Picasso - 피카소와 같은 눈에 보임 or 구체적인 대상 ex) Picasso - 피카소 ① 단수를 나타내지만 복수인 명사 - scissors, shears(큰 가위), glasses, pants, trousers, and shorts are ② 셀 수 있는 집합명사 : (집단 전체 - 단수), (집단 속 개인 - 복수) ex) fruit, fish, personnel cattle ③ 셀 수 없는 집합명사 : ex) mail, .. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Multi-word verbs(2)(동사구) 2. the distinction between prepositional(natural unit with NP) verbs and phrasal verbs(natural unit with V) ① syntactic test ⑴ adverb insertion ex) we turned quickly [off the road] - pre o / ex) *we [turned quickly off] the light - phra x ⑵ phrase fronting ex) [up the hill] John ran - pre o / ex) *up] the bill John [ran - phra x ⑶ wh- fronting(also relative clauses) ex) [about what] does he writ.. 2022. 5. 22.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Multi-word verbs(1)(동사구) 1. types of multi-word verb ① phrasal verb (a particle makes a natural unit with the lexical verb that precedes it) ⑴ intransitive phrasal verb ⒜ pure - Tom [sat up] - agent / ⒝ ergative - a number of problems have [cropped up] - theme ⑵ transitive verb ⒜ separable phrasal verb - Tom [looked up] the address/ [looked the address up] ⒝ inseparable phrasal verb - I [came across] an interesting scen.. 2022. 5. 21.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Passive sentence(3)(수동태) 6. ergative(지 혼자) vs passive(누구에 의해서) ① the agent is unidentified - ex) the bank closes (at 5pm) - agent가 전제되지 않은 문맥에서는 수동형 불가 ② so many possible causes for a change (the agent is innumerous) ex) price increased due to a lot of factors, ex) the door swung open ③ to create an aura of mystery or suspense - 지 혼자 일어나니까 ex) we were sitting quietly after dinner, when suddenly the door opened (by itsel.. 2022. 5. 21.

영어 신택스(Syntax) 및 문법 정리(Grammar) - Passive sentence(2)수동태 2. V+PP (passive look-alikes) ① participial adjective(분사형 형용사, adjectival passive, stative passive, pseudo passive, satal passive) ⑴ do not have their active counterparts (ergative는 상응하는 타동사가 존재, form이 능동) ex) the library is located on the other side of the post office ex) someone locate(finds out) the library on the other side of the post office (능동이 있지만 같은 뜻 x) ⑵ identified using ‘very, too’(n.. 2022. 5. 21.

티스토리툴바